Iii Ram
Iii Ram
 |
| Pontiac GTO GTO Judge Ram Air III four speed car rotisseried mint | |
 |
$89,995.00 Time Remaining: 52m Buy It Now for only: $89,995.00 Buy It Now |
| HP Omnibook XE3 Laptop Pentium III 128MB Ram DVD R | |
 |
$4.86 Time Remaining: 1h 42m Buy It Now for only: $4.86 Buy It Now |
| 1GB MEMORY FOR FIC P4M 400X 800M 800T 800T2 865G MAX 865G MAX II 865G MAX III | |
 |
$15.00 Time Remaining: 2h 13m Buy It Now for only: $15.00 Buy It Now |
| VINTAGE MAGNA FREESTYLE RAM III BMX BIKE BICYCLE COMPLETE | |
 |
$49.99 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 2h 43m |
| Voodoo III MBC Manual Turbo Boost Controller 10 60 PSI | |
 |
$24.95 Time Remaining: 8h 2m Buy It Now for only: $24.95 Buy It Now |
| Egypt III 3 Fate of Ramses PC New Sealed | |
 |
$8.99 Time Remaining: 12h 38m Buy It Now for only: $8.99 Buy It Now |
| Guinea 1970 Ramses III 500 Francs Silver Coin | |
 |
$79.00 Time Remaining: 12h 42m Buy It Now for only: $79.00 Buy It Now |
| Dodge Ram Van Mark III 99 Ram Conversion Van Good Condition 316 V8 Well Maintained | |
 |
$2,200.00 Time Remaining: 15h 31m Buy It Now for only: $2,800.00 Buy It Now | Bid now |
| CHANNEL VISION DP RBOX III Rough in Box for Flush Mounting all DP Plate Models | |
 |
$27.97 Time Remaining: 15h 53m Buy It Now for only: $27.97 Buy It Now |
| Pontiac GTO Ram Air III 1970 Pontiac GTO Ram Air III Orbit Orange 39K mi | |
 |
$30,100.00 (23 Bids) Time Remaining: 16h 6m |
| DELL PowerEdge 1950 III Server 1 x E5410 QC 233GHz 4GB RAM 2x73GB SAS PERC 6 i | |
 |
$449.00 Time Remaining: 16h 7m Buy It Now for only: $449.00 Buy It Now |
| 1969 GTO JUDGE RAM AIR III BODY CODES DECAL KIT VINYL | |
 |
$45.00 Time Remaining: 16h 21m Buy It Now for only: $45.00 Buy It Now |
| DELL PowerEdge 1950 III Server 2x E5148 DC 233GHz 4GB RAM 4x73GB 25 SAS PERC6 | |
 |
$528.00 Time Remaining: 16h 27m Buy It Now for only: $528.00 Buy It Now |
| Draw Tite 75090 Class III IV Max Frame Trailer Hitch Rear 2 in Rec | |
 |
$184.99 Time Remaining: 16h 39m Buy It Now for only: $184.99 Buy It Now |
| Tricky Power Plug Compaq EVO N600c Pentium III 12Ghz 192MB RAM 40GB HDD | |
 |
$24.95 Time Remaining: 17h 10m |
| Class III IV Receiver Hitch Dodge Ram 94 02 No Drill | |
 |
$101.99 Time Remaining: 17h 58m Buy It Now for only: $101.99 Buy It Now |
| Pontiac GTO 1970 Pontiac GTO Judge Green White Ram Air III 400 5 Speed Watch | |
 |
$0.98 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 18h 48m |
| Dell SCL PowerEdge 2500 Pentium III 933MHz No RAM 18GB HDD Tower | |
 |
$297.55 Time Remaining: 19h 5m Buy It Now for only: $297.55 Buy It Now |
| Dell Inspiron 8100 Laptop Notebook w Petium III 384MB RAM 20GB HD Case | |
 |
$50.00 Time Remaining: 19h 34m |
| DELL PowerEdge 1950 III Server 2 x E5430 QC 266GHz 8GB RAM 2x146GB SAS Perc 6 i | |
 |
$626.00 Time Remaining: 19h 45m Buy It Now for only: $626.00 Buy It Now |
| Pontiac GTO Restored 1 of 114 GTO Convertible 400 Ram Air III | |
 |
$13,100.00 (4 Bids) Time Remaining: 19h 56m Buy It Now for only: $84,900.00 Buy It Now | Bid now |
| 2011 15 Macbook Pro i7 quad 22ghz SATA III 120GB SSD 16GB RAM AppleCare 2014 | |
 |
$1,669.00 Time Remaining: 20h 6m Buy It Now for only: $1,669.00 Buy It Now |
| IBM eServer Main Board 21P9813 X Series 220 with 1GHz Pentium III CPU 2 GB RAM | |
 |
$11.35 Time Remaining: 20h 30m Buy It Now for only: $20.35 Buy It Now | Bid now |
| DELL PowerEdge 2950 III Server 2x E5410 QC 233GHz 16 GB RAM 6 x 146 SAS Perc 6i | |
 |
$1,067.89 Time Remaining: 20h 54m Buy It Now for only: $1,067.89 Buy It Now |
| 1970 Pontiac GTO Judge Ram Air III Detail Decals NOS R | |
 |
$39.00 Time Remaining: 21h 3m Buy It Now for only: $39.00 Buy It Now |
| 8GB 4X 2GB 100 CERTIFIED RAM MEMORY FOR DELL POWEREDGE 1900 1950 2900 2950 III | |
 |
$64.99 Time Remaining: 22h 17m Buy It Now for only: $64.99 Buy It Now |
| Honey Rose EP by Ramses III CD Feb 2007 Important Records | |
 |
$12.26 Time Remaining: 22h 47m Buy It Now for only: $12.26 Buy It Now |
| Azza Pentium III MicroATX Motherboard + Intel 500 MHz Processor + 96 MB RAM | |
 |
$29.95 Time Remaining: 23h 17m |
| Dell 1950 PowerEdge III Quad Core 2x 25GHz 8GB RAM 300GB Perc6i RAID | |
 |
$895.00 Time Remaining: 1d 31m Buy It Now for only: $895.00 Buy It Now |
| 2GB 2X1GB MEMORY FOR FIC P4M 865G MAX III 865P ULTRA 865PE LITE 865PE PRO | |
 |
$30.00 Time Remaining: 1d 1h 3m Buy It Now for only: $30.00 Buy It Now |
| WEST TEXAS OFF ROAD RED NECK RAM STAGE III HYDRAULIC STEERING SYSTEM | |
 |
$550.00 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 1d 2h 2m |
| Sony PCV RX270DS Pentium III 866MHz CPU 256MB Ram Memory Complete | |
 |
$89.95 Time Remaining: 1d 4h 3m Buy It Now for only: $89.95 Buy It Now |
| 1970 PONTIAC GTO JUDGE RAM AIR III NICE 2 PAGE ARTICLE POSTER AD | |
 |
$5.95 Time Remaining: 1d 15h 16m Buy It Now for only: $5.95 Buy It Now |
| Dell PowerEdge 2950 III 2x 30GHz Quad Core 8GB RAM 6x 250GB 72K SATA PERC 6 i | |
 |
$1,330.00 Time Remaining: 1d 16h 12m Buy It Now for only: $1,330.00 Buy It Now |
| Dell PowerEdge 2950 III 2x 30GHz Quad Core 8GB RAM 6x 500GB 72K SATA PERC 6 i | |
 |
$1,220.00 Time Remaining: 1d 16h 12m Buy It Now for only: $1,220.00 Buy It Now |
| Dell PowerEdge 2950 III 2x 30GHz Quad Core 8GB RAM 6x 1TB 72K SATA PERC 6 i | |
 |
$1,505.00 Time Remaining: 1d 16h 12m Buy It Now for only: $1,505.00 Buy It Now |
| Dell PowerEdge 2950 III 2x 30GHz Quad Core 8GB RAM 6x 2TB 72K SATA PERC 6 i | |
 |
$1,715.00 Time Remaining: 1d 16h 12m Buy It Now for only: $1,715.00 Buy It Now |
| Compaq Deskpro EN Intel Pentium III 3 866Mhz 384MB RAM CD Compact Small Form | |
 |
$35.99 Time Remaining: 1d 16h 45m Buy It Now for only: $39.99 Buy It Now | Bid now |
| MSI N560GTX448TFIIIPC OC N560GTX TF III PC OC PCIE 1GB 2DVI VGA MINI HDMI TWIN | |
 |
$368.69 Time Remaining: 1d 17h 42m Buy It Now for only: $368.69 Buy It Now |
| GD Itronix GoBook III ix260+ 18GHz P4M Centrino10GB RAM 160GB HDD Built In GPS | |
 |
$317.00 Time Remaining: 1d 22h 11m Buy It Now for only: $317.00 Buy It Now |
| Dell Dimension L733r Windows 98se 733 MHz Pentium III 256 RAM 75 GB HD | |
 |
$59.99 Time Remaining: 1d 22h 28m Buy It Now for only: $59.99 Buy It Now |
| Dell PowerEdge PE1950III Server 2x 233Ghz Xeon Quad Core 4GB Ram 180GB HDD | |
 |
$152.50 (9 Bids) Time Remaining: 1d 22h 37m |
| 16GB 2x8GB RAM Memory Compatible with Dell PowerEdge 2950 III DDR2 Fully Buff | |
 |
$540.00 Time Remaining: 1d 22h 46m Buy It Now for only: $540.00 Buy It Now |
| Gateway 2550 Laptop Pentium III 600 544MB RAM 10 GBHD DVD | |
 |
$68.99 Time Remaining: 1d 23h |
| Trailer Hitch 2 Ball Coupler Class III 5000lbs 3 Wide | |
 |
$16.95 Time Remaining: 2d 2h 53m Buy It Now for only: $16.95 Buy It Now |
| breather tube 68 79 Pontiac GTO judge ram air III IV Bonneville G P T A 70 71 69 | |
 |
$9.99 Time Remaining: 2d 14h 59m |
| accelerator cable bracket Pontiac GTO lemans tempest ram air III IV G P 350 400 | |
 |
$9.99 Time Remaining: 2d 15h 3m |
| SBC ADVANTECH PCI 6870F PCI 6870 A2 P III 126GHZ 512 RAM | |
 |
$290.00 Time Remaining: 2d 15h 49m Buy It Now for only: $290.00 Buy It Now |
| DELL PowerEdge 2950 III Server 2x E5440 QC 283GHz 8 GB RAM 4 x 146 SAS Perc 6i | |
 |
$825.71 Time Remaining: 2d 16h Buy It Now for only: $825.71 Buy It Now |
| ASINT DDR III 1GB 800MHZ SSY3128M8 EDJED | |
 |
$15.00 Time Remaining: 2d 16h 16m |
| 1GB Abit BD7II BD7III BD7II RAID BD7 RAID RAM MEMORY | |
 |
$20.79 Time Remaining: 2d 17h 16m Buy It Now for only: $20.79 Buy It Now |
| 1GB FIC P4M 800T2 P4M 865G MAX II III RAM MEMORY | |
 |
$20.79 Time Remaining: 2d 17h 18m Buy It Now for only: $20.79 Buy It Now |
| Core i7 960+Rampage III Gene+12 GB Ram+OCZ Vertex 3 120GB+GTX 560 448 options | |
 |
$1,299.00 Time Remaining: 2d 17h 54m Buy It Now for only: $1,299.00 Buy It Now |
| i7 990X OCZ SSD+GTX 560 Ti 448 +RAMPAGE II or III EXTREME+24 GB ram | |
 |
$2,499.00 Time Remaining: 2d 17h 59m Buy It Now for only: $2,499.00 Buy It Now |
| DELL PowerEdge 2950 III Server 2 x E5420 QC 250GHz 8GB RAM 6x73GB SAS HDD | |
 |
$796.54 Time Remaining: 2d 20h 3m Buy It Now for only: $796.54 Buy It Now |
| Montana Land of Giant Rams VolIII by Duncan Gilchrist Brand New Softcover | |
 |
$19.95 Time Remaining: 2d 20h 14m Buy It Now for only: $19.95 Buy It Now |
| Sun Fire V210 Server UltraSparc IIi 134GHz 512 RAM | |
 |
$180.00 Time Remaining: 2d 20h 28m Buy It Now for only: $180.00 Buy It Now |
| hub cap 69 70 Pontiac GTO judge ram air III IV Lemans 69 Firebird T A deluxe | |
 |
$9.99 Time Remaining: 2d 22h 9m |
| t cover to intake bolt 64 79 Pontiac GTO judge ram air III IV Bonneville G P T A | |
 |
$9.99 Time Remaining: 2d 22h 9m |
| distributor hold down 64 79 Pontiac GTO judge ram air III IV Bonneville G P T A | |
 |
$9.99 Time Remaining: 2d 22h 9m |
| thermo temp vacuum switch 68 69 Pontiac GTO judge ram air I II III IV G P T A | |
 |
$49.99 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 2d 22h 9m |
| timing cover assembly 68 Pontiac GTO ram air I II Bonneville G P firebird lemans | |
 |
$49.99 Time Remaining: 2d 22h 10m |
| radiator core support 69 Pontiac GTO judge ram air III IV Lemans tempest 1969 | |
 |
$49.99 Time Remaining: 2d 22h 12m |
| clock assy 69 70 71 72 Pontiac GTO judge ram air III IV Lemans grand prix G P | |
 |
$38.00 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 2d 22h 13m |
| 32 MB EDO Memory Power Pentium II Pentium III 72 PIN MODULE PART NUMBER E328040 | |
 |
$24.99 Time Remaining: 3d 31m Buy It Now for only: $24.99 Buy It Now |
| Dodge Ram Ford Bronco Ford F Series Class III Trailer Hitch | |
 |
$104.99 Time Remaining: 3d 1h 8m Buy It Now for only: $104.99 Buy It Now |
| 8GB 4x2GB RAM Memory Compatible with Dell PowerEdge 2900 III Server FULLY BUFF | |
 |
$64.00 Time Remaining: 3d 2h 7m Buy It Now for only: $64.00 Buy It Now |
| St Louis Rams Ultimate Helmet III NFL T Shirt | |
 |
$19.95 Time Remaining: 3d 2h 43m Buy It Now for only: $19.95 Buy It Now |
| 2 Sun UltraSparc III 501 6395 CPU + 8x 501 5030 6GB RAM | |
 |
$96.91 Time Remaining: 3d 2h 47m Buy It Now for only: $96.91 Buy It Now |
| Compaq Deskpro EN Intel Pentium III 3 750Mhz 457MB RAM Compact Small Form | |
 |
$14.00 Time Remaining: 3d 7h 49m Buy It Now for only: $20.00 Buy It Now | Bid now |
| Dell PowerEdge 1950 III Quad Core E5430 266Ghz 16Gb ram 2 x 750Gb drives Server | |
 |
$1,225.85 Time Remaining: 3d 11h 44m Buy It Now for only: $1,225.85 Buy It Now |
| ASUS CUV4X E Pentium III 1GHz Mobo 640MB RAM Manual CD | |
 |
$10.00 Time Remaining: 3d 12h 51m Buy It Now for only: $15.00 Buy It Now | Bid now |
| DELL POWEREDGE 1950 III V3 SERVER 1x X5460 316GHZ CPU 4GB RAM 2x 73GB HDDs | |
 |
$1,544.57 Time Remaining: 3d 13h 59m Buy It Now for only: $1,544.57 Buy It Now |
| DELL PowerEdge 2950 III Server 2 x E5420 QC 250GHz 16GB RAM 4x300GB SAS PERC6 i | |
 |
$1,263.37 Time Remaining: 3d 16h 43m Buy It Now for only: $1,263.37 Buy It Now |
| DELL POWEREDGE 1950 III V3 SERVER 2x E5410 QC 233GHZ CPU 8GB RAM NO HDDs | |
 |
$1,471.02 Time Remaining: 3d 18h 1m Buy It Now for only: $1,471.02 Buy It Now |
| DELL POWEREDGE 1950 III V3 SERVER 2x E5430 QC 266GHZ CPU 8GB RAM NO HDDs | |
 |
$1,977.07 Time Remaining: 3d 18h 2m Buy It Now for only: $1,977.07 Buy It Now |
| DELL POWEREDGE 1950 III V3 SERVER 2x E5405 QC 200GHZ CPU 8GB RAM NO HDDs | |
 |
$1,386.15 Time Remaining: 3d 18h 4m Buy It Now for only: $1,386.15 Buy It Now |
| DELL POWEREDGE 2950 III SERVER 1x E5430 266GHZ CPU 8GB RAM 2x 146GB HDDs | |
 |
$1,791.62 Time Remaining: 3d 18h 8m Buy It Now for only: $1,791.62 Buy It Now |
| 1970 GTO TRANS AM RAM AIR IV RAM AIR III 4 SPEED CARB 7040273 | |
 |
$2,800.00 Time Remaining: 3d 18h 29m |
| 1970 PONTIAC GTO 455 RAM AIR III CONVERTIBLE NICE 2 PAGE ARTICLE AD | |
 |
$5.95 Time Remaining: 3d 20h 10m Buy It Now for only: $5.95 Buy It Now |
| DELL PowerEdge 2950 III Server 2x X5450 QC 30GHz 8 GB RAM 4 x 73GB SAS Perc 6 i | |
 |
$729.00 Time Remaining: 3d 20h 33m Buy It Now for only: $729.00 Buy It Now |
| CENTAUR III CNJ55B2 4 1 2X 4 1 2X1 1 2 100V MITSUBISHI M25K CNC RAM EDM 1987 B | |
 |
$43.99 Time Remaining: 3d 20h 55m Buy It Now for only: $43.99 Buy It Now |
| CENTAUR III CNJ55B2 4 1 2X 4 1 2X1 1 2 100V MITSUBISHI M25K CNC RAM EDM 1987 | |
 |
$43.99 Time Remaining: 3d 20h 58m Buy It Now for only: $43.99 Buy It Now |
| CENTAUR III CNJ55B2 4 1 2X 4 1 2X1 1 2 100V MITSUBISHI M25K CNC RAM EDM 1987 C | |
 |
$43.99 Time Remaining: 3d 21h 2m Buy It Now for only: $43.99 Buy It Now |
| 1969 RAM AIR III DISTRIBUTR | |
 |
$1,250.00 Time Remaining: 3d 21h 16m Buy It Now for only: $1,250.00 Buy It Now |
| DELL PowerEdge 1950 III 1x E5410 QC 233GHz 4 GB RAM 2x160GB SATA SAS 6 RAID | |
 |
$377.00 Time Remaining: 3d 21h 48m Buy It Now for only: $377.00 Buy It Now |
| DELL PowerEdge 1950 III Server 2 x X5355 QC 266GHz 16GB RAM 2x300GB SAS SAS 6iR | |
 |
$1,079.00 Time Remaining: 3d 21h 54m Buy It Now for only: $1,079.00 Buy It Now |
| DELL PowerEdge 2950 III Server 2x E5405 QC 20GHz 8 GB RAM 2 x 146 SAS Perc 6i | |
 |
$611.75 Time Remaining: 3d 22h 23m Buy It Now for only: $611.75 Buy It Now |
| DELL PowerEdge 1950 III Server 2 x E5440 QC 283GHz 8GB RAM 2x73 SAS PERC 6 i | |
 |
$679.00 Time Remaining: 3d 22h 36m Buy It Now for only: $679.00 Buy It Now |
| Sony Vaio PCG FX290K 384MB RAM Pentium III No HD 15 Parts | |
 |
$9.99 Time Remaining: 4d 2m |
| Dell 1950 III Xeon 2xE5405 16GB RAM SAS RAID RAILS | |
 |
$999.00 Time Remaining: 4d 1h 13m Buy It Now for only: $999.00 Buy It Now |
| GATEWAY SOLO 5300 PENTIUM III 850 MHz WITH 56 GB HD 256 MB RAM | |
 |
$30.00 Time Remaining: 4d 2h 21m Buy It Now for only: $40.00 Buy It Now | Bid now |
| GTO TEMPEST MASTER PARTS CATALOG 69 73 Dec 72 Printing | |
 |
$179.95 Time Remaining: 4d 2h 34m Buy It Now for only: $179.95 Buy It Now |
| 1990 Pro Set LOS ANGELES RAMS SERIES I II Team Sets WITH RCS 32 CARDS | |
 |
$1.89 Time Remaining: 4d 4h 16m Buy It Now for only: $1.89 Buy It Now |
| 8GB 4x2GB RAM Memory Compatible with Dell PowerEdge 1950 III DDR2 Fully Buf | |
 |
$62.00 Time Remaining: 4d 5h 39m Buy It Now for only: $62.00 Buy It Now |
| 1970 PONTIAC FIREBIRD FORMULA 400 RAM AIR III AIR CLEANER BASE SERVICE DECAL | |
 |
$7.99 Time Remaining: 4d 6h 48m Buy It Now for only: $7.99 Buy It Now |
| 1970 PONTIAC FIREBIRD RAM AIR III AIR CLEANER BASE SERVICE INSTRUCTIONS DECAL | |
 |
$7.99 Time Remaining: 4d 6h 48m Buy It Now for only: $7.99 Buy It Now |
What is the Best operating system for an old Pentium III?
What is the Best operating system for an old Pentium III with 256 mb of ram, 700 mhz processor? (Ubuntu or Windows XP)
I had the same specs, couple years back i suggest windows xp
its still in operation aswell so u'll get all the support u need
Scs and Sts: Educational Realization
SCs and STs: Educational Realization
- Ramaiah Bheenaveni*
-
The world of today, by and large, is comparatively a rapidly changing one and the changes have been in a variety of directions. Not long ago society was through of as a reality sub-generis far beyond the control of individuals to change it –and education as a process of inducting new entrants into society. The idea that societies can be changed and, that too, education can be vital instrument of social transformation is increasingly felt. Geared to the preservation and perpetuation of tradition in the past, education is now being used to bring about social transformation in a large scale. This represents a kind of dilemma in respect of the social role of education in traditional societies.
Ignoring this dilemma, many social scientists today re inclined to believe that education is a powerful instrument of social transformation. The prevailing opinion in circles of social science is that education is an agency of modernization. It is argued that education promotes modernity in many ways but chiefly in two: (i) by sharpening the “critical awareness” of the people about the social structure in which they are placed, and (ii) by changing the consciousness of the people in a direction congruent with the dominant value of our age-rationality-which is also the mainspring of modernity. Following this reasoning, there has come up an impressive body of literature in recent years of documenting the impact of schooling on individual modernity in developing societies. The profound social changes that India has witnessed in the last few decades or so have affected its entire population, yet in some sections of its society their impact has been much more marked than in others.
Education is the key to development of any community. It can broaden the world view of the people, equipping them to meet the present day challenges. Education can be an input to their development. It can also build up inner strength of the people. Almost all studies have emphasized the importance of education in the development of the people. Ignorance is the biggest reason for weakness and knowledge is power. In the development effort, education has a pride of place in the priorities of the people. This is particularly so when the two systems of unequal strength come in contact. Education brings knowledge to he community and keeps in acquiring a new strength to enable it to face the new challenges which naturally come by when the process of change unfold unforeseen forces.
The role of education as an investment in human resources has been increasingly recognized all over the underdeveloped and developed countries. Education has special significance for the weaker sections of society, which are facing a new situation in the development process to adjust themselves properly to the changing circumstances. For them, education is an input not only for their economic development, but also for promoting in them self-confidence and inner strength to face the new challenges.
This position SC/ST education critically examines the contemporary reality of schooling of children belonging to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe communities who have been historically excluded from formal education – the former due to their oppression under caste feudal society and the latter due to their spatial isolation and cultural difference and subsequent marginalization by dominant society. There are thus sharp differences between these two categories of population in terms of socio-economic location and the nature of disabilities. However, there is also growing common ground today in terms of conditions of economic exploitation and social discrimination that arise out of the impact of iniquitous development process. Concomitantly, the categories themselves are far from homogenous in terms of class, region, religion and gender and what we face today is an intricately complex reality. Bearing this in mind this paper attempts to provide a contextualized understanding of the field situation of the education of SC/ST children and issues and problems that directly or indirectly have a bearing on their future educational prospects.
The educational effort so far as the SC and ST communities are concerned has to be somewhat different than for the general areas. In case of advanced groups and areas, demand for education is already there. Establishment of an educational institution itself is sufficient to attract the children from the advanced communities because their parents are interested in their education. This is not the case with the poorer section of the community. The message has as yet not reached the more backward rural and tribal areas where the citizen is still not very much aware about the practical utility of education. Thus, a number of socio-economic factors are coming in the way of members of SC and STs in sending their children to schools. In many cases, it is sheer economic hardship. Therefore, the universal educational programmes at the elementary stage in the case of these communities have to be much more than mere opening up of educational institutions. The students belonging to these communities may have to be provided with free textbooks, mid-day meals, and in the case of girls, even a pair of uniform. As the children grow, they become economic assets to the family. It may be necessary, therefore, that they are provided suitable scholarships and stipends in higher classes. It has to be ensured that if we cannot compensate the family, at least education should not be a burden on a poor family. In the case of tribal areas, it may be necessary that at middle school and high school levels adequate hostel facilities are also provided, as an institutional network itself will not be of much help. It is commonly observed that in some tribal areas much of the institutional capacity remains under-utilized.
Special state institutions were set up for the advancement of SC/ST and various legislations, social policies and programmes were drafted which were geared to their economic and political development and achievement of equal social status. It has been difficult however, to identify these categories in terms of criteria laid down by the state. The ‘problem’ of the scheduled tribes has been a vexed one, given the various levels of social and cultural distance and varying degrees of voluntary or forced assimilation exploitation and/or displacement. In fact, it has been pointed out by Galanter that just where the line between Scheduled Tribes and non-Scheduled Tribes is to be drawn has not been clear. There are problems of overlap with caste and controversy whether a specific group is more appropriately classified as a ST or SC. Policy however treats the SC and ST groups homogenously. Moreover it rests largely on the assumption that mainstreaming is progress, while paying lip service to preserve distinctive cultures, especially of tribals who are coerced into assimilation.
Education was perceived as crucial to processes of planned change. It was seen as the key instrument for bringing about a social order based on value of equality and social justice. Expansion and democratization of the education system was sought, the two primary egalitarian goals of which were the universalisation of elementary education and the educational “upliftment” of disadvantaged groups. The State’s special promotional efforts have undoubtedly resulted in educational progress for the SC/ST especially in regions where policy implementation combined with the dynamism of reform, and most crucially with anticaste, dalit, tribal and religious conversion movements.
The last two decades have spelt the decline of the Welfare State under the powerful impact of global economic forces and neo-liberal economic policies. The egalitarian ethic underlying planned change and development is being rapidly decimated. The ideology of the Indian State’s New Economic Policy emphasizes the pre-eminence of markets and profits. In the context of an elite directed consensus on the inevitability of liberalization and structural adjustment, the predominant problems and debates of education have undergone major shifts. Structural adjustment have provided the legitimacy and impetus for a number of educational reforms that pose a direct threat to the mission of universalizing elementary education and equalizing educational opportunity for SC/ST, especially those left behind. The state is withdrawing from social sectors of education and health and delegating its social commitments and responsibilities to private agencies and non-governmental organizations. There is already enough indication that basic educational needs of the SC and ST are getting seriously undermined under the new dispensation adversely affecting life chances of vast sections of those who have yet to make the shift to first generation learning.
Urban migration, education, occupational change and religious conversion have been pursued by the scheduled castes as key strategies of socio-economic emancipation, status change and acquisition of a new social identity. They have achieved varying degrees of success. Anti caste and dalit movements have provided the bases for political consciousness and assertions of new self-consciousness and new self-respecting collective identities grounded in both moderate-reformist and radical ideologies. Contemporarily, the rigours of pollution, social practices of untouchability and social relations of servility vary greatly in different parts of the country. The widespread upsurge of atrocity signifies continued caste based oppression. Caste and occupation were closely interlinked in the traditional socio-economic order, and the lowest manual and menial occupations were reserved for the SC. The link has gradually been broken but not completely. There have been shifts to caste free occupations. Changes took place with the arrival of new opportunities in rural employment and petty business as well as through education based occupational and social mobility in rural and urban contexts. However, economic exploitation and economic disadvantage and continued concentration in menial occupations continue to sustain and reinforce the degraded social position of the majority of the SC. Rural SC are predominantly landless and impoverished agricultural labour. Women are multiply subordinated.
By modernization is meant a process of long range social and cultural change, often regarded as leading to the progressive development of society. It is a multifaceted development specifically leading to the industrialization of economy, and increase in the geographic and social mobility and, the secularization of ideas, which give rise to secular, scientific and technical education. It also means a change from ascribed to achieved status and a higher standard of living. Thus, modernization is a question of changes in the social structure, norms and value orientations, and as such it demands certain norms and value orientations, and as such it demands certain adoptive devices. As a consequent of this modernization SC and STs are egger to adopt the new trends of modern culture which is possible only by the modern education.
State Provision for Education of SC and ST and Recent Trends in Their Educational Progress
State commitment to the education of SC/ST children is contained in Articles 15(4), 45 and 46 of the Indian Constitution. Article 15(4) underscores the state’s basic commitment to positive discrimination in favour of the socially and educationally backward classes and/or the SC and ST. Article 45 declares the state’s endeavour to provide free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years. Article 46 expresses the specific aim to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of SC/ST.
In its effort to offset educational and socio-historical disadvantage, the Indian state conceived a range of enabling provisions that would facilitate access to and ensure retention of SC and ST children in school. In the initial Five Year Plans, the focus was on making available basic educational facilities such as schools especially in remote areas and providing scholarships and books. Both Central and State governments took up the responsibility of special educational provision. The scope of enabling interventions expanded considerably after the Fourth Five Year Plan.
Special schemes pertaining to school education of SC/ST children currently include: i) free supply of textbooks and stationery at all stages of school education ii) free uniforms to children in govt. approved hostels and Ashrams schools, and in some states also for children in regular schools; iii) free education at all levels; iv) pre-matric stipends and scholarships to students at middle and/or high school stage; v) special scheme of pre-matric scholarships for children of castes and families engaged in unclean occupations like scavenging, tanning and flaying of animal skin; vi) girls and boys hostels for SC/ST students and lodging facilities in hostels of backward classes including SC/ST; vii) ashram schools for tribal children started with the intention of overcoming the difficulties of provision in remote regions and also rather patronizingly to provide an environment “educationally more conducive” than the tribal habitat. In addition, several states have instituted schemes such as scholarships to SC students studying in private schools, merit scholarships, attendance scholarships for girls, special school attendance prizes, remedial coaching classes, reimbursement of excursion expenses and provision of mid-day meals. The last has been recommended as an integral element in schooling by the Working group on Development and Welfare of the Scheduled Castes.
Conclusion:
Education has always been considered an instrument of social change. In present day society education has been considered a sound economic investment and that is the reason why in all the developed and developing societies greater attention is being paid to education. The role of education is to transform a static society into one vibrant with a commitment to development and change.
In out national perception, education is essential for all. This is fundamental to our all round development such as material, psychological, spiritual and so on. Obviously, it implies that education of the Scheduled Tribes is fundamental to the development of the people of this area, and hence, it is essential for them also. Education is a potent agent not only for the social and psychological changes but it may influence productivity and economic development also, and, that is the reason why, for the last few years in the literature on development there has been much talk about the relationship between education and economic development and about education as investment. Educational will also help in the socialization of a child, and the development of the human personality, social mobility, occupational change, and the rise of professions. Education is not only a means of adjustment into the society and all round development, but it is also an end in itself. Education affords protection of life. In addition to its relation with moral values, it is closely associated with socio-economic development. Education is, therefore, very significant for the development of a country and in spite of having many severe problems, the developing countries provide high priority to education. India is, undoubtedly, one among them.
References:
1. Das, A.K. and R.N. Saha, (1989): West Bengal Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes: Facts and Information, Bulletin of the Cultural Research Institute, No.32, Govt. of W.B., SC & TW Department, Calcutta
2. Nayar, P.K. , (1975) : “The Scheduled Castes and Tribes High School Students in Kerala, Dept of Sociology, Kerala University
3. Pratap, D.R. et al, (1971): Study of Ashram Schools in tribal Areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tribal Cultural Research and Training Institute, Hyderabad.
4. Mani, Gomathi, (1991) Education in the International Context, Sterling Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, pp118-132.
5. Thomas, Joseph A. (2001): Dynamics of Educational Development: A Case Study of Selected `Backward’ Villages in Kerala, in Vaidyanathan, A. & Nair, Gopinathan, P.R. (eds.) Elementary Education in Rural India: A Grassroots View, New Delhi: Sage Publications, pp. 166-216.
6. Sujatha, K. (1994): “Educational Development among Tribes: A Study of Sub-Plan Areas in Andhra Pradesh, New Delhi: South Asian Publishers.
7. Muralidharan, V. (1997): “Educational Priorities and Dalit Society”, Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi.
About the Author
beatmania III - RAM - 12.4
