Andrew’s Computers & Networking

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Did i shorten the lifetime of my U3 flash drive ?

I bought a 2 GB U3 flash drive and i attached it to my front USB connectors located on the front of my computer case (after i plugged in the cables coming out from these front USB connectors 2 the proper USB pin headers on my motherboard). but it never worked + the U3 was sooo hot when i touched it 2 remove it and attach it onto 1 of the rear ports. My mistake was that i attached the USB pins on my MotherBoard in reverse order so that's why windows XP did not recognize the U3 flash pen + the flash pen was so hot like a fire. I fixed this issue and the flash pen still works in ANY USB port but did i shortened considerably its life coz of my mistake of attaching the USB pins in reverse order onto the USB headers on the motherboard ???

If you think you damaged it, rather than worring about if it will fail, buy a new one. They are cheap enough. I personally have a Kingston U3 that has already made 3 trips through the washing maching and it still works. But I have the data on that backed up to other sources.

Like all media, it should be backed up to more than one source.

Power over Ethernet

Advantages over other integrated data and power standards

This technology is especially useful for powering IP telephones, wireless LAN access points, cameras with pan tilt and zoom (PTZ), remote Ethernet switches, embedded computers, thin clients and LCDs.

All these require more power than USB offers and very often must be powered over longer runs of cable than USB permits. In addition, PoE uses only one type of connector, an 8P8C (RJ45), whereas there are four different types of USB connectors.

PoE is presently deployed in applications where USB is unsuitable and where AC power would be inconvenient, expensive (mains wiring must often be done by qualified and/or licensed electricians for legal or insurance reasons) or infeasible to supply. However, even where USB or AC power could be used, PoE has several advantages over either, including the following:

Cheaper cabling  even category 5 cable is cheaper than USB repeaters, and the task of meeting building code requirements to run AC power cable is eliminated.

A Gigabit of data per second to every device is possible, which exceeds 2009 USB and the AC powerline networking capabilities.

Global organizations can deploy PoE everywhere without concern for any local variance in AC power standards, outlets, plugs, or reliability.

Direct injection from standard 48 V DC battery power arrays; this enables critical infrastructure to run more easily in outages, and make power rationing decisions centrally for all the PoE devices.

Symmetric distribution is possible. Unlike USB and AC outlets, power can be supplied at either end of the cable or outlet. This means the location of the power source can be determined after cables and outlets are installed.

Power management feature and integration

Most advocates expect PoE to become a global longterm DC power cabling standard and replace "wall wart" converters, which cannot be easily centrally managed, waste energy, are often poorly designed, and are easily vulnerable to damage from surges and brownouts. A combination of G.9960 networking on existing AC power lines to an outlet where a PoE router is plugged in is capable of moving a gigabit per second to every device, with minimal wiring and participating fully in both AC and DC device power demand management.

Integration with the IEEE 802.3az standard, the energy management capabilities of the combined standard are expected to be formidable. However, that integration has not yet occurred.

There are several PoE implementations, including ad-hoc techniques, but using the IEEE standard for supplying power over Ethernet is strongly recommended.

Nortel 5520 switch with 48 Power over Ethernet ports

IEEE 802.3af / 802.3at Power over Ethernet

Power over Ethernet is usually implemented following the specifications in IEEE std. 802.3af-2003 which added clause 33 to the IEEE 802.3 standard. It allows the powering device to use a voltage between 4457 V DC, though the nominal voltage is 48 V, over two of the four available pairs on a Cat. 3/Cat. 5e cable with a selectable current of 10350 mA subject to a maximum load power of 15.40 W. Only about 12.95 W are available after counting cable losses, and most switched power supplies will lose another 1025% of the available power. A "phantom power" technique is used to allow the powered pairs to also carry data. This permits its use not only with 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, which use only two of the four pairs in the cable, but also with 1000BASE-T (gigabit Ethernet), which uses all four pairs for data transmission. This is possible because all versions of Ethernet over twisted pair cable specify differential data transmission over each pair with transformer coupling; the DC supply and load connections can be made to the transformer center-taps at each end. Each pair thus operates in "common mode" as one side of the DC supply, so two pairs are required to complete the circuit. The polarity of the DC supply may be inverted by cross cables; the powered device must operate with either pair: spare pairs 4-5 and 7-8 or data pairs 1-2 and 3-6. Polarity is required on data pairs, and ambiguously implemented for spare pairs, with the use of a bridge rectifier.

The standard describes two types of devices: power sourcing equipment (PSE) and powered devices (PD). Power sourcing equipment provides power to the powered devices.

The newly released IEEE std. IEEE 802.3at-2009 amendment enhanced Power over Ethernet Category 5 cable to dynamically provide between 0.125 W of power.

Please help improve this article by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (October 2009)

Powering devices

Two modes, A and B, are available.

Mode A has two alternate configurations (MDI and MDI-X), using the same pairs but with different polarities. In mode A, pins 1-2 (pair #2 in T568B wiring) form one side of the 48 V DC, and pins 3-6 (pair #3 in T568B) form the other side. These are the same two pairs used for data transmission in 10Base-T and 100Base-TX, allowing the provision of both power and data over only two pairs in such networks. The free polarity allows for patch cables and automatic RX/TX detection.

In mode B, pins 4-5 (pair #1 in both T568A and T568B) form one side of the DC supply and pins 7-8 (pair #4 in both T568A and T568B) provide the return; these are the "spare" pairs in 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX. Mode B, therefore, requires a 4-pair cable.

The PSE decides whether power mode A or B shall be used, not the powered device (PD). PDs that implement only Mode A or Mode B are specifically not allowed by the standard.

The PSE can implement mode A or B or both (but must not supply power in both modes at the same time). A PD indicates that it is standards-compliant by placing a 25 k resistor between the powered pairs. If the PSE detects a resistance that is too high or too low (including a short circuit), no power is applied. This protects devices that do not support IEEE 802.3af. An optional "power class" feature allows the PD to indicate its power requirements by changing the sense resistance at higher voltages. To stay powered, the PD must continuously use 510 mA for at least 60 ms with no less than 400 ms since last use or else it will be unpowered by the PSE.

There are two types of PSEs specified by IEEE 802.3-2008: endspans and midspans. Endspans are Ethernet switches that include the power over Ethernet transmission circuitry. Endspans are commonly called PoE switches. Midspans are power injectors that stand between a regular Ethernet switch and the powered device, injecting power without affecting the data. Endspans are normally used on new installations or when the switch has to be replaced for other reasons (such as moving from 10/100 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s or adding security protocols), which makes it convenient to add the PoE capability. Midspans are used when there is no desire to replace and configure a new Ethernet switch, and only PoE needs to be added to the network.

Stages of powering up a PoE link

Stage

Action

Volts specified

[V]

802.3af

802.3at

Detection

PSE detects if the PD has the correct signature resistance of 15 - 33 k

2.7 - 10.0

Classification

PSE detects resistor indicating power range (see below)

14.5 - 20.5

Mark 1

Signals PSE is 802.3at capable. PD presents a 0.25 - 4 mA load.

-

7 - 10

Class 2

PSE output classification voltage again to indicate 802.3at capability

-

14.5 - 20.5

Mark 2

Signals PSE is 802.3at capable. PD presents a 0.25 - 4 mA load.

-

7 - 10

Startup

Startup voltage

> 42

> 37.2

Normal operation

Supply power to device

44 - 57

30 - 58.6

IEEE 802.3at capable devices are also referred to as "type 2". An 802.3at PSE may also use layer2 communication to signal 802.3at capability.

Power levels available

Class

Usage

Classification current

[mA]

Power range

[Watt]

Class description

0

Default

0 - 4

0.44 - 12.94

Classification unimplemented

1

Optional

9 - 12

0.44 - 3.84

Low power

2

Optional

17 - 20

3.84 - 6.49

Mid power

3

Optional

26 - 30

6.49 - 12.95

High power

4

Reserved

36 - 44

Reserved

PSEs classify as Class 0

For IEEE 802.3at (type 2) devices class 4 instead of Reserved has a power range of 12.95 - 25.5 W.

Configuration via Ethernet layer 2 LLDP

LLDP-MED Advanced Power Management

TLV Header

MED Header

Extended power via MDI

Type  

(7 bits)

Length

(9 bits)

TIA OUI  

(3 octets)

Extended power via MDI subtype 

(1 octet)

Power type 

(2 bits)

Power source 

(2 bits)

Power priority 

(4 bits)

Power value 

(2 octets)

127

7

00-12-BB

4

PSE or PD

Normal or Backup conservation

Critical,

High,

Low

0 - 102,3 W in 0,1 steps

The setup phases are as follows:

PSE (provider) tests PD (consumer) physically using 802.3af phase class 3.

PSE powers up PD.

PD sends to PSE: I'm a PD, max power = X, max power requested = X.

PSE sends to PD: I'm a PSE , max power allowed = X.

PD may now use the amount of power as specified by the PSE.

The rules for this power negotiation are:

PD shall never request more power than physical 802.3af class

PD shall never draw more than max power advertised by PSE

PSE may deny any PD drawing more power than max allowed by PSE

PSE shall not reduce power allocated to PD, that is in use

PSE may request reduced power, via conservation mode

Non-standard implementations

Cisco

Cisco's original PoE equipment was manufactured many years before there was an IEEE standard for delivering PoE. Cisco's original PoE equipment was capable of delivering up to 10 W per port. The amount of power to be delivered is negotiated between the endpoint and the Cisco switch based on a power value that was added to the Cisco proprietary Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP). CDP is also responsible for dynamically communicating the Voice VLAN value from the Cisco switch to the Cisco IP Phone.

The PSE (switch) will send a Fast Link Pulse (FLP) on the transmit pair. The PD (device) connects the transmit line to the receive line via an low pass filter. And thus the PSE gets the FLP in return. And a common mode current between pair 1 and 2 will be provided resulting in 48 V DC and 6.3 W default of allocated power. The PD has then to provide Ethernet link within 5 seconds to the auto-negotiation mode switch port. A later CDP message with a type-length-value tells the PSE it's final power requirement. A discontinued link pulses shuts down power.

Cisco manufactured 13 different devices, like, WLAN access points and IP phones that were not compliant with the IEEE 802.3-2005 Clause 33.

Cisco pre-standard IP phones

7985G, 7960G, 7940G, 7910G, 7910G + SW, 7912G, 7905G, 7902G, 7970G

Cisco IEEE 802.3af IP phones

7961G, 7961G-GE, 7971G-GE, 7931G, 7937G, 7941G, 7941G-GE, 7945G, 7965G, 7975G, 7985G

Cisco IEEE 802.3af and pre-standard IP phones

7970G, 7961G, 7906G, 7941G, 7911G, 7962G

The Cisco 7936 Conference Phone does not support any LAN based power and requires a Cisco power injection adapter. Cisco's original PoE implementation is not software upgradeable to the IEEE 802.3af standard.

3Com

Sold a midspan solution called "Ethernet Power Source" in 2000 - 2004 used with then current 3Com NBX phones, Access points, and Network jack switches. It measured a capacitance signature, and then provided -24 V DC.

Notes

Category 5e cable uses 24 AWG conductors, which can safely carry 360 mA at 50 V according to the latest TIA ruling.[citation needed] The cable has eight conductors (only half of which are used for power) and therefore the absolute maximum power transmitted using direct current is 50 V 0.360 A 2 = 36 W. Considering the voltage drop after 100 m, a PD would be able to receive 31.6 W. The additional heat generated in the wires by PoE at this current level (4.4 watts per 100 meter cable) limits the total number of cables in a bundle to be 100? at 45 C, according to the TIA.

Drawbacks of IEEE 802.3af are:

Excessive voltage with a peak at 60 V (many standard components are limited to ~30 V).

Undefined polarity (requires a diode bridge which causes a voltage drop and require more board space and components).

Undefined wire pairs (multiple configurations must be handled which requires more board space and components) (The diode bridge will waste 0.74 W at 25.5 W operation)

A partial solution to the drawbacks of IEEE 802.3af is to assume pin 4 + 5 as positive (+) and pin 7 + 8 as negative (-). This would not be standards compliant but will make PD implementation easier and not damage anything. Any incompatibilities with IEEE 802.3af will only result in an unpowered device.

The 0.74W waste in the diode bridge, above, assumes the use of standard rectifier diodes. If Schottky diodes are used, the waste will be half that much. In either case, the waste is much less than the losses in the DC-DC converter that must be used to convert the power to the low voltages used in the PD logic circuits.

802.3af Standards A and B

PINS on Switch

    10/100 DC on Spares    

    10/100 Mixed DC & Data    

    1000 Gigabit DC & Bi-Data    

Pin 1

Rx +

Rx +             DC +

TxRx A +             DC +

Pin 2

Rx -

Rx -              DC +

TxRx A -              DC +

Pin 3

Tx +

Tx +             DC -

TxRx B +             DC -

Pin 4

DC +

unused

TxRx C +

Pin 5

DC +

unused

TxRx C -

Pin 6

Tx -

Tx -             DC -

TxRx B -             DC -

Pin 7

DC -

unused

TxRx D +

Pin 8

DC -

unused

TxRx D -

Another modification is to limit voltage from the PSE to 30 V and thus enable the use of standard components. But this may destroy the PD if it is connected to a PSE that isn't modified to keep the voltage low enough. It also limits the amount of power that can be used.

Terminology

Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE)

Power Sourcing Equipment is a device (switch or hub for instance) that will provide power in a PoE setup. Maximum allowed continuous output power per such device in IEEE 802.3af is 15.40 W.

When the device is a switch, it's called an endspan. Else, if it's an intermediary device between a non PoE capable switch and a PoE device, it's called a midspan.

Powered Device (PD)

A powered device is a device powered by a PSE and thus consumes energy. Examples include wireless access points, IP Phones, and IP cameras. The IEEE 802.3af standard specifies a maximum power usage of 12.95 W.

Many powered devices have another connector for an optional auxiliary power supply. If used, this gives backup power to the device if the power to the Ethernet connector is inadequate or suddenly fails.

See also

Network switch, connects network nodes with independent pipes (efficient).

Category 5 cable

Power line communication, data communication over mains electricity.

Switched-mode power supply, efficient electrical power conversion.

ITU-T G.hn, a standard that provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) Local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables).

Phantom power, long established standard technique to power microphones.

HomePlug Powerline Alliance, an industry trade group on datacommunication over mains electricity.

References

^ IEEE 802.3-2005, section 2, table 33-5, item 14

^ IEEE 802.3-2005, section 2, table 33-5, item 1

^ IEEE 802.3-2005, section 2, table 33-5, item 4

^ IEEE 802.3-2005, section 2, clause 33.3.5.2

^ a b http://standards.ieee.org/announcements/stdbd_approves_ieee802.3at.html

^ http://blog.tmcnet.com/blog/tom-keating/voip/8023at-2009-power-over-ethernet-poe-plus-standard-ratified.asp

^ Banish Those "Wall Warts" With Power Over Ethernet

^ a b c d "LTC4278 IEEE 802.3at PD with Synchronous No-Opto Flyback Controller and 12V Aux Support". http://cds.linear.com/docs/Datasheet/4278fa.pdf.  2010-01-11 cds.linear.com

^ a b IEEE 802.3-2005, section 2, table 33-3

^ a b "LLDP / LLDP-MED Proposal for PoE Plus (2006-09-15)". http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2006/ab-congdon-lldp-med-8023at-0906.pdf. 2010-01-10

^ "Planning for Cisco IP Telephony > Network Infrastructure Analysis". http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=385336&seqNum=2&rll=1.  2010-01-12 ciscopress.com

^ "Power over Ethernet on the Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switch". http://www.conticomp.com/PDF/CAT6500POE_ds.pdf.  2010-01-12 conticomp.com

^ "Understanding the Cisco IP Phone 10/100 Ethernet In-Line Power Detection Algorithm - Cisco Systems". http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/phones/ps379/products_tech_note09186a00801189b5.shtml.  2010-01-12 cisco.com

^ "Power over Ethernet (PoE) Power Requirements FAQ". http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/phones/ps379/products_qanda_item09186a00808996f3.shtml. 

^ "3Com, Power over Ethernet, Current State of the Technology and the IEEE Standard". http://www.at2.com/downloads/documents/3com/power_over_ethernet_wp.pdf.  080803 at2.com

^ National Semiconductor application note 1474: "The LM507X Family of PoE Devices: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)"

External links

ieee802.org: Download the IEEE 802.3 standards

ieee802.org: IEEE 802.3af Task Force

ieee802.org: IEEE 802.3at Task Force

www.altair.org Power Over Ethernet

PoE portal

Categories: Ethernet | Networking hardware | Wireless networking | Remote controlHidden categories: Articles to be expanded from October 2009 | All articles to be expanded | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007
About the Author

I am an expert from China Manufacturers, usually analyzes all kind of industries situation, such as 8mm video camera , mifare card.

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